“Gandhi is free from ‘Ism’ “
                                              - Randhir Gauatm

                     

   
Submission to any ideology is an anti-critical act. Survodaya premises led to non-ideological
movement in India. Since Gandhian thought is of more an attitude and less of a doctrine. Gandhi
himself declares that he has no desire to found a sect. Ideology causes many maladies in society.
Ideological conditioning led to all type of violence in society. All ‘ism’ creates more problem than it
solves. It always limits the realization of the greatest good for all. since Gandhian philosophy is the reflection of the ideas of Survodaya. Gandhian thought is a rational critique of all the radical
ideologies. The very philosophy of means and ends approach is to be the sole understanding of the essence of Gandhian thought. The central point of his concern is that violence, command, cannot be accepted in any just society. Annihilated of liberty cannot be compromised. Gandhi said loyalty to a corrupt state is a sin, disloyalty a virtue. Once sociologist M N Srinivas said that Gandhi was at heart anarchist, deriving inspiration from his ideas from Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. I think Gandhian anarchism is to seen as against the state-led violence and war. His anarchism is not against state but transformation of state into a society with the decentralization of power with seems to me more democratic and that is necessary for the sustainable growth of democracy. The idea state is to be the network of independent village republics.





Society as well as science are suffering from the diseases. Historically Gandhi has been misreading.
Instead of applying Gandhian method in order to get rid of dogmatism and fundamentalism,
Gandhian thinkers makes all Gandhian through as if charismatic truth. Social sciences have been
suffering due to objectivist and positivist understanding of phenomena which can be solved by problematizing the Gandhian thought for its better application. The nucleolus of Gandhian thought is peace. I think that’s a fundamental descripting of what thinker should approach to society. In order to develop epistemological trust there must be bridging gap between through and practice of theoretical formulation. one of the big uniqueness of Gandhian thought is coincide of his theory with  practice.


Ideas of trusteeship develops a new understanding of the method of protest. This is significant and provides more democratic dimension of indigenous movement. Bohdan movement of Vinoba and JP movement have seen the importance of people’s orientation towards trusteeship in terms of national building. Though fundamental duties and 73 and 74 th amendment proved how decentralization led to democratization of all realms of society. Fighting against injustice and oppression in a non-violent way is the ideal way of political protest in any democratic society.

The readiness on the part of oneself to suffer voluntarily a ‘change of heart of oppressors and
unjust authority is a creative aspect of Gandhian politics. His methodology to seek to conquer
violence and hatred through love. Gandhi proved that Passive resistance is a weapon of weak
and Satyagraha is a powerful approach to insistence on truth. Law of love is the answer of all the ideological theories in political realm which causes destruction in society.
Gandhi praxeology helps the helpless and needy. His philosophical problem with desire could
be solution of many problems that comes with egoism. Once Gandhi said human life is a series
of compromises for it is not always ways to achieve in practice what one has found to be true
In theory. Gandhi once said ‘My life is governed religious principles teaches us to practice
Ahimsa (to avoid violence to others). He had never lost sight to his principle that governed his
life, since he began dabbling in politics.


His God is Truth. In his view Truth is loving others as thy self’. Gandhian thought practices transcendental ethics without being utopian.
Belief in God with tolerance of other religion (Ganga Yamuna tahjeeb). God/Truth/Love is the very foundation of deeds of peace, forgiveness and mercy. Once Gandhi said “Don’t go to your books, or to your teachers, with impure hearts, go with the purest hearts and you will get from them what you want in life”

Gandhi conception of truth is not objective but universal and subjective, Gandhian paradigm is
orientated towards philosophy than thought. Gandhian ethics is more oriented towards it practice than theory building. Gandhian notion of truth felt by intuition is afterwards confirmed, examined and explained by reasoning. India is in transition has to incorporate the Gandhian ideals both in terms thoughts and practice in order to have fearless cultural environment, perfect chastity and sustainable growth. There is no room for fear in ahimsa. Gandhian thought provide vision not ideology because it itself has dynamism of change.


Indian Politics is full of the manipulation of Gandhian method. It seems it is being done more for personal gains than for others. Gandhian thought makes us to realize the “ourness” of other. Where ideology make us to realize the consciousness of self as against the other.
I think Satyagrah can be the principal of state policy. Killing of one’s faith is also violence. Gandhi seems more visionary if one read the conversation between Gandhi and s c Bose and between
Gandhi and Ambedker one can find how and why the question of peace and ethics are the nuclei of
Gandhian thought.
It seems me to exaggeration of critic of Gandhi with call him as utopian thinker. For me Gandhi is a realistic utopian. Utopian realist Gandhi is somewhat correct than ideological Gandhi. I think that is totally incorrect to say “Gandhism”.

Gandhi always advocated very different realm of politics which gives more power to people. Latter
Vinoba and JP applied Gandhian politics and did politics for the betterment of society without being politicians, I think Vinoba and JP give two scope of Gandhian thought. one’s connotation is spiritual and another’s connotation is political. Gandhi believes plurality in thought even once he said ‘if
communism came without any violence, it would be welcome’’.

His patriotism has concerns for other nationalities. He approaches his opponents in a very kind
hearted way. we are suffering now a day with the intolerance and not even ready to listen others.
where Gandhi taught us that truth often lies hidden in untruth, even as god hidden in things evil.
Gandhian thought raised the banner of peace, love and non-violence. We are in an age where
nationalism creates more problems than it is supposed to solve. we have to define patriotism with significant connotation of internationalism. His greatest achievement was to convert the national movement into a mass struggle with an effective act. All such conception of Gandhi gives
philosophical insights to the solution of contemporary problems of society. All conceptions are interrelated; no conception can be explained separately.

 Rising gap between poor and rich the fact
of neoliberal growth, Gandhian method of achieving divestment and manner of organizing
economics life such divesting of vested interests.


Once Marx said that philosopher have interpreted the world, the problem is to change it. Gandhian
thought provided the actualization of true ends and means in order to achieve those goals.
Gandhi has become more relevant to today’s time where our society needs non-violence, mass
education, communitarian faith and peace. My quest is to prove Gandhi did not advocate any
ideology. Even he is against Gandhism. Gandhian thought provides us methodology of life telling
how to save us from the ‘egoism’ in particular and how to save us from the diseases of ‘ism’ in
general. Gandhi helps us to get rid of devil, get rid of impurity that has seized us.

           Media: An agency of ideological system
                                           

                                                  Randhir Gautam


     

We live in the era of post truth where propaganda has become truth. Sociologically propaganda
itself is neutral but it can be intrumentalised. News is created and managed by capitalist and right
wings under ideological system. News is debated on the basis of too little information. Media
encourages intolerant outlook among groups through manufactured truth which ultimately leads social disharmony among groups.
 propaganda and publicity have become the whole mark of politics. Both radical left and radical
right have same orientation of doing politics that is to say to change public interest for their
ideological satisfaction. Idea of justice and vision of equalitarian society are completely missing in
the discourse of politics. politization of  social movement by opposition parties for their own benefits lessen credibility of civil society.
Majotarian democracy brings favour to masses of one group into the cost of another group. Media
tells us hyper truth. It has become the instrument of misinformation. public mind is being shut.
Media as a medium of public demand is losing its credibility by favouring majaotarian interest’ and
advocacy of capitalist agenda.
Organ of public opinion is being controlled by media. Indian media is a dominating outlook of Hindu middle class. This class enjoy the profits of capitalism and love to see authotarian leadership into regime. The voting pattern after 1990s shows why right wings government et its popularity in urban area.
In order to have a publicly accountable political democracy it is vitally important to have a
democratic media. We live in the age of information society the role / responsibility of media has become more important than past. Democracy and Media strengthen each other . A media has to be democratic in terms of public debates.
Herbert J. Altschull describes the relationship of democracy and the news media. He says: "In a
democracy, it is the people who rule, and their voices are heard in the voting booths. The decisions made by the people in voting booths depend upon the information made available to them. The news media primarily provides that information. Hence, the news media are indispensable to the survival of democracy. To carry the assumption a bit further: A democracy is a free society. In no other form of government are citizens fee. Hence, for a society to be free, the flow of information to the citizens must come from news media that are free. By now this is a central assumption not only to Americans but also to the most other citizens in the capitalist world".



What is democratic media? - Forget the notion of a "free media" the concept is a misnomer, an
oxymoron, a myth.... A democratic media is where the various different factions each have their
access to the media, the ability to put their stories out and have their position or case advanced.
Democratic media has emerged as one of the most powerful components of social management.
The reason why free media is a myth is because every news journalist, editor and producer has their own biases at one hand , on the other hand educationists, journalists , activists and experts, leaders of different political parties, religious leaders, workers ,trade unions and peasants Unions, etc. have different interests and ideologies.
Their own ideologies and even with the best will in the world to have "journalistic integrity" their prejudice will come through. I argue that it is better to have ab honest media, where journalists and media organisations put their political biases up front and then present the news... this way the audience can understand what perspective or slant, and figure out how to compare different media sources to try and gain a better understanding. Manufactured trust
and particular agenda advocating act must be stopped at least from the news room .

To have any real attempt at political democracy all political sides need to be able to make their case
and ideologies clear. In reality most political parties and politicians are trying to lead /govern /do politics in the best interests of the nation and their supporters. They often tend to have very
different ideas as to "how to achieve this", and come with very different sets of priorities, cultures
and ethnocentric demands.

Television debate is an art where an anchor plays a very significant role. In anchoring the debate my
advice is try to get the various debating groups to state "where they come from", "what their goals
are" and "how they would like to achieve them".
I would also press them on whether they want a democratic tyranny where they think that power
should reside with the winner, or if they think that a democratic system should be about power
sharing and compromise to meet the needs of "who" (nation, political supporters, elites, the
people), where the different parties work together with the overall leadership and direction setting
going to the "winners" (as opposed to complete power).
It's also worth bringing up the role of social media in this, and the ability for debates to happen
involving thousands of people and across regions, nations and the globe using technology.
Indian mainstream media are owned by capitalist so it has become more politicised and the failed
reality of what has and is happening in that country after most of the mainstream media abandoned any semblance of impartiality to attack right wings , and the consequence that is having. Capitalists and right wings are become the helping hand of each other’s.



In conclusion I want to quote Manueal castells
"There is nothing that cannot be changed by conscious ,purposive social action ,provided with information and supported by legitimacy . If people are informed ,active and communicate throughout the world , If business assumes its social responsibility if the media become the messenger rather than the message ;
If political actors react against cynicism , and restore belief in democracy
If culture is reconstructed from experience ,if humankind feels the solidarity of the species throughout the globe
If we assert intergenerational solidarity by living in harmony with nature
If we depart for the exploration of our inner self ,having made peace among ourselves.If all this is made possible by our informed conscious ,shared decision ,while there is still time ,maybe then , we may ,at all least ,be able to live and let live ,love and be  loved "
                              

Fall in love
with a man
                 

who wants to be the best person of your life!
who wants to visit each adventurous place with you!
who motivates each moment of your life!
who is your sunshine in day and star at night!

who makes each day as your birthday!
Who makes each your mood honeymoon!
who inspires you to dream for the best future!
who changes each mistake into a lesson!
who loves your madness!
who becomes sadder when you are sad!
who becomes happier when you are happy!
whom you name and feel the sense of blessing!
who is your better half!
whom you are the first priority of his life!
who can make all your dream into reality!

whom first meeting itself says he is made for you!
who gives you a sense of husband even before getting marry!
whom you think and get happiness in your heart and smile over your face!
With whom you start to celebrate each movement as part of great journey!
who has no problem with your past !
Who wants to gives you the best time of your life!.

@copyright Randhir Gautam 

                                              “Differences   between sociology and Anthropology”

-          Randhir Gautam 

Baress and Bicker "sociology is regarded neither as the mistress nor as the handmaid of the social sciences but as their sisters"

 A L Kroeber calls ‘twin sisters’ when he understands the relationship between sociology and anthropology

“The social relations between sociology and Anthropology are closer than those between Anthropology and political science, that is partly due to greater similarity in a way of work” – Robert Redfield

Reading the origin of the anthropology, Talal ashed argues,’ there was degree of collaboration between anthropologists and colonial authorities. The history of sociology in India began with anthropological analysis of society, monographs, ethnographical studies through colonial intervention for colonial interest gave rise to anthropological work.

According to Descola ‘Anthropology starts with ethnography, goes on to ethnology and ends with anthropology. Ethnography is basically the collection of data, ethnology the analysis of those data in a comparative framework in which models are constructed. We know, interpretation of action in the light of anthropological theory becomes construction in the light of theory. Anthropology is a project more than a science- takes up old project of philosophical anthropology of making sense of general problems of social life.

With the rise of epistemological trust in anthropological studies, after second world war when nations started to gain freedom and advent of postmodernism these incidents have very deep impact of the paradigm of anthropology.  Anthropology inculcates a sense of cultural relativism in its practitioners.  sociological gaze came only after popularization of American sociology.

sociology and anthropology are practically indistinguishable. But in conceptualizing society, sociology and anthropology have quite different origins. their concepts, methods of investigations and analysis and approaches are different.

   According to   Wolff and Bennett “sociologists and anthropologists approach and perceive man differently. They have different images of man. In his search for laws and in his interest in the abstract, the sociologist tends to view man as technically a ‘non-human ‘item, subject to many forces (including the sociologist’s impersonal measurement) in this view man is an element of nature, immersed in his environment, and the sociological student apart observing and measuring man-in-environment. For the anthropologist, man is not a figure within a ground, but rather a figure against that ground; he is human phenomenon, everlastingly variable, predicable only within broad limits if at all, and knowable only on a series of virtually infinite levels of understanding’’

To define exactly the relationship between sociology and anthropology is difficult because both discipline continue to grow and change. It seems me that sociological work encroaches anthropological direction of interests in the context of interdisciplinary approach. Particularly Anthropology overlaps sociology as a science of culture.

  Following are the important differences between sociology and anthropology.

1.      1. Anthropology study primarily primitive or non-literate (tribal society and village society non-industrial society) humanity whereas sociologists study advanced civilizations.

2.      2.Anthropology tend to study society as a whole sociologist by contrast, usually study parts of a society that is to say they prefer institutional analysis of society in other words Sociologists study part of society as institution such as family, marriage, religion so and so forth and process of change in society.

3.      3.  Anthropologists often live in the society or community they study in order to record custom and observing members behavior.  You can see the work of Malinowski Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Functional analysis, ethnographic account, field work and participant observation are the hole mark of anthropological studies . For them the technique of participant observation is soul of understanding of society and culture. Sociology on the other hand relay on statistical data use instruments such as questionnaires observation, interview. social survey. 

4.       4. Anthropology study small scale self -contained groups or communities, whereas sociologist study large, impersonal organizations and processes. As john Beattie defines ‘social anthropology as the study of custom, social institution and values and their interrelation in the context of small scale communities.

5.       5.  Anthropology is a study of man and his characteristics during his various stage of development. Anthropologists focus on human factor of cultural set up and its evolution.Sociologists study man as member of society, culture bearing and culture participant member.

6.     6.  The primary aim of anthropology is to determine the theories of social change and sequence and these principles are sociological principles. If you read evolutionary theorists like L H   morgon, comte and spencer you can see the measure difference between sociologists and anthropologists that sociologists focus society where anthropologists focus on evolution of man.

 functional analysis with the advent of the work of Durkheim’s functionalism sociologists and anthropologists came together for the conceptualization of social process. The interdependence between these two social sciences is thus established. But there you can see The approach of anthropology is functional (Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Firth, Evans Pritchard) and structuralist (Levi Strauss) while sociology is historical (see the work of weber and Marx) and sociologist follow the tradition of structural functionalist (parson and Merton)

7.      7. Sociology concerns itself with society conceptually. It lays much emphasis upon the patterns of interaction among the group members where us need for counting and categorizing. An anthropology is concerned with man and his distinctly human product, culture.

8.     8,  Sociologist measures society. sociologists perceive man ‘objectively. Sociologists are inclined to focus attention primarily on social data through they may go up the fringes of the combined socio-cultural dimension alone. Their concern is with specific problems which are sharply defined and delimited so that a hypothesis may be tested on the basis of maximum controlled data.

Anthropologists do not lay emphasis on the rational dimension alone.  The anthropologists begin his intensive study with a rather broad and general theoretical interest and conceptual framework

9.     9.  Smelser has clearly opined that sociology does not deal with a special class of behavioral data but interests behavioral data within a special type of conceptual framework

sociological perspective is different from that of anthropological perspective. sociologists want quantified data and uses statistical techniques. Anthropologists advocates face to face experience with its subject because of his great love of facts. Anthropologists delimits understanding of society. Anthropology ultimate aim is to understand everything about man. Hence it is broader perceptive than sociology. Basically it has 4 perspectives. 1. Cultural 2. Linguistic 3. Physical. Archaeology

 10.   Historically the difference is that sociology studies one’s own society, whereas anthropology studies ‘foreign societies’. But this seems awfully arbitrary distinction, so if you look at Bourdieu he is bit of hybrid figure, where there are methodological similarities between his ‘anthropological gaze’ in Algeria and his; sociological gaze; in France.  Recently prof  Betellie has redefined sociology as being concerned with ‘comparing institutions of various societies in order to reveal their similarities and differences.

 conclusion - 

Sociologist warren claims that the anthropologist can study a modern nation as he can a primitive society; The basic body of theory and method remains the same … because contemporary society does not differ in kind but only in the degree from the other societies.

 Two discipline share common interests. Both are committed to understand and analyse them in terms of structure, process, function and change. Hare I want to recall Krober who puts an insightful remark that sociology and anthropology are temperamentally different and are almost anthetical in their motivations.

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   Political philosophy of Subhash Chandra Bose

-         Randhir Gautam

                  

 A thinker never dies. History keeps him alive.  A thinker can be misunderstood and misinterpreted.  We live in a time when political parties create illusion by misinforming of history.  Recently subash Chandra Bose suddenly came into Media. His political projection is being done for the benefit of right wings. 

As we know Bose was an extremist and too radical thinker. Shri subhas chandra Bose neither belongs to "left" Nor "right". He does not belong to Congress anymore.  Rather he was an opponent of Gandhi's congress.

 Netaji was born on January 23 ,1897 in Cuttack, Orissa. He believed in shakti cult (Hinduism). He practiced yoga and prepared himself for self – renunciation. He graduated from the Calcutta university with Philosophy Honours.

When Bose was in Cambridge in 1919. He once stated that I feel happy when I see white people serve me and brush my shoes. He was deeply influenced by   Bengal revolt. He appeared, at the

 ICS examination to please his father Janakinath Bose and resigned from the service to fulfill the mission of his life (Indian’s freedom).

Subhash Chandra’s political life was solely inspired by his own conscious ideal. He studied the history of successful revolutions in the world. He became a firm realist in politics.  His philosophical orientation was more close to Hegel because he believed in synthesis of ideas. In this way he was philosophical opponent of Marx. 

As we known Subhas political Guru was Deshbandhu C R Das.   Deshabandhu believed in the practice of extreme politics. He thought that there was no taboo on diplomacy and the principle of; end justifying the means’. Deshbandhu teachings dominates the mind of Bose throughout his life. I think this is the seed which creates opponent views between him and Gandhi. Gandhi’s clash with Bose was the clash of two different ideals – the ideal of Reformation and ‘ideal of revolution. The differentiation between two is based on means – ends philosophy.

 Some social scientists argue Bose was like Machiavelli without his vices. Bose in many times thought of his political incompleteness with Gandhian politics. satyagrashs, KHADI and chakra were becoming popular among Indian masses.

 Irish political revolution gave him insight of complete independence. He approached Hitler just being an enemy of enemy. His philosophy has nothing to do with " Right wing”. He was a great fighter of evils of his time. His fight should be looked in to context of those time.

A true Anti-imperialist and radical leader. He himself preferred "leftism" To describe his own ideology in politics on that time.  on that time leftism and anti-imperialism was interchangeable.  Though he believed in socialist vision not socialist politics.

Shri subhash chandra nationalism was in no way was opposed to internationalism. He likes Deshbandhu das who always cherished the hope that India would take the lead in forming an Asiatic federation of free –nations as concrete move towards a world federation.

He spoke at Ramgarh conference (1940) "when freedom comes, the age of national reconstruction will be the socialist phase of our movement. "His programme of socio-economic reconstruction was the same as that of the socialist. Once he said ‘India freed means Humanity saved ‘

He was elected Rashtrapati in congress. He was Rashtrapati of Tripuri congress. it shows how popular leader was on that time. But congress high command dislike him with his strong move. Even Gandhi once said ‘sittarammya’s defeat is mine. Replying to Gandhi Bose said,’ I always want to win the confidence of Gandhi. Bose went to wardha to meet Gandhi.

        Later Bose free himself from congress and went to Europe. From 1933 to the beginning of 1938. Bose was lived in Europe, He worked was making India known to Europe. He also understood Europe. He wrote an articles ‘Europe to-day and tomorrow’ in which he differentiates the world in two categories ‘Haves and Haves not.

 When he came back in India. He decided to form forward Bloc. His aim was to collect all radical groups to fight against imperialism. He adopted violence method.

 On the other hand, the congress has repeatedly declared its entire disapproval of the ideology and practice of fascism and Nazism.   Nehru, who condemned the ‘forward Block as an evil’. He was a lonely warrior. Anti-imperialist was soul of his fight.   freedom of Indian was his life’s goal. He thinks whatever favored the achievement of that goal was him quite welcome. when Lenin helped capitalist country like Ireland that was against socialist ends but for him anti-imperialism should be the first priority.

  Politically he does not belong to any category of contemporary politics. He does not belong to any "ism" Because he believed in idea of change. Progress corresponds to change.  Change should also be reflected in terms of mentality.

Lok Nayak (The people’s leader) Jay Prakash Narayan
(1902-1979)
                                ~ Randhir Gautam

The people’s leader devoted his life for the people’s politics. He was popularly known as Indian Lenin. Leadership of JP has very important unique feathers. He learnt from the mistakes of past and he changed himself in context of demand of the time. He began his career as militant fighter for the independence of India when India got freedom he became the democrat and finally become what he is known for generally a nonviolent revolutionary. To understand JP these are three contexts. He devoted himself to fulfil Gandhi’s unfinished task. His life was a mission.


Jay Prakash Narayan was born on 11 October 1902. He belongs to kayastha caste. His father
Harsu dayal was a government officer. He behaved like quite mature since his childhood. He
was introverted and shy. He joined Patna collegiate school which was very sensitive space
because of Indian independence movement. JP was infused by arm rebellion. He was in
touch with nationalist student leader.
He married prabhavati devi. His father in law was a prominent congressman and famous
lawyer of his time. He brought Gandhi to champaran. on that time ‘Ahimsa and stayagraha
‘Were not being practiced by revolutionaries. Such techniques of revolution came only when
Gandhi came from south Africa. He was JP father in law who invited Gandhi in champaran. JP
father in law wanted him to go to England for further studies. Jp did not go to Britain and
went to America. he found it ironic boycotting English run schools in India and going to
England.




While pursuing his study in America, he met the American communist Abraham Lindy who
introduced him to Indian Communists M N Roy. Here JP fall in love with the idea of Marxism.
One of the significant aspect of the impact of American thought on JP that the language of American politics is more experimental than ideological. the language of American politics has a deep impact on the politics of JP. He studied the ideas of Mathew Arnold, Carlyle, J. S. Mill and William Morris and many American thinkers in great depth.
He did his master in sociology in sociology from Ohio university. His dissertation topic was on social variable. which deals with the question of social change from a Marxian perspective. when jp was in America his wife was in verdha. she was a follower of Gandhi in letter and spirit. Gandhi encouraged prabha to read socialism. once Gandhi told prabha that one day your husband will talk in my language.
 JP came back to India and joined politics.Both Jp and Nehru have international perspective regarding the India future vision.They criticise
Gandhi for that matter.
His fight was also within congress in terms of strategy making. though his socialist inclinations in working class politics appealed Nehru. In 1932 he became general secretary of the congress. When he was arrested in the Nasik jail where he met Achyut patwardhan, Ashoka Mehta, Masani and others. He devoted his energies to reconstruct the congress on modern lines. JP resigned from
congress when the congress decided to participate interim government in 1936. Latter He
established congress socialist party because he had been trying to bridge the gap between the
Gandhians and socialists.

At the time of second world war when jp said ‘the war is an imperialist war’. this does not mean he
was supporting German Nazism. for him Nazism was an evil of society while British imperialism was enemy. since he was close to Lenin and his philosophy, he supported Lenin purpose in India.
Jp became youth icon when he scaled the prison walls in September 1942. He created big problem
to British government. He found it difficult to conduct the revolutionary struggle from British India.
He came in touch with a group called Azad Dasta’ or the ‘Army of liberation’ in Nepal. He won one
fight against British there. Nepal was no longer a safe place. while going to Peshawar to Delhi. He
was caught. He was sent to jail where he was closed in a dingy cell for 16 months and he was not given a single newspaper. He didn’t meet a single person.
In 1947 jp was president of three important labour organism. All Indian railway men’s federation, All
Indian ordinance factories worker’s union and All India ordinance factories workers. from the
beginning JP tried to strengthen trade union and peasant union and keep them out of the clutches of parties. British labour party was his reference model because it grows out of labour movement. JP does not want to see labour union, student and teacher union, peasant and other union to be
controlled by any party. JP thinks that the real emancipation of people, students, peasants and
labours can come through their own struggle, through a revolution of their own struggle.
in the context of current scenario all such spaces lost their credibility for that matter. They have
become the vote bank of political party and they forget their responsibilities. politicization of the
sphere of civil society led to legitimacy crisis.
Jp was also critic of conservative communist because of their analysis, communists believe the
Indian national movement was bourgeoisie. Contrary to this jp thought national movement was important to the large aim of socialism. Latter in his life jp would ally with the political right but
never with the left.

JP left congress. Nehru wanted to join jp in his cabinet in 1952 but jp wanted congress to implement socialist programme which Nehru was not ready. Letter Indira Gandhi implemented. once jp told Gandhi that socialist could not remain with the congress. Though apart from personal and
ideological difference he was remain in touch with them. That was the beauty political development
of India.
Latter jp was very much influenced by Survodaya and Bhdhan movement led by Vinoba. Survodaya
was basically an alternative to all other radical political philosophy. JP gifted his life to Survodaya and became a life time worker of Survodaya. He donated his 50 acres of land to this movement. He retired from party politics in 1957. evil of USSR make his to detach from such socialist state. J P has no faith in violence because he believed in democracy by letter and spirit.
He moved towards Gandhian. His position appears ever more pronounced when he wrote in
"Means and End" that "the greatest thing he (Gandhi) taught us was that means are ends, that evil means can never lead to good ends and that f& ends require fair means.
Jp was against centralised planning. He wrote ‘A plea for Reconstruction of Indian Polity’ IN 1959
where he explained the intellectual justification of his vision for social reconstruction of society. His
vision was oriented towards the fulfilment of Survodaya ideals. participatory democracy and
decentralization of power are important way to fulfil Gandhi vision of society. His advocacy of
communitarian society was reflection of indigenous democracy. Participatory democracy. JP thinks spirit of community is soul of democracy without which the whole body politic would be without life and soul. JP Practices of revivalist ideas and tried his best to make Gandhi utopia into a realistic vision,
 He worked for tarun shanti sena. Many times he negotiated settlement between Indian
government and other militant group such as Naxalites. Vinoba did not accept direct action and civil disobedience led by jp movement. Vinoba labelled the ongoing Emergency an "era of discipline”.
His personal detachment never weakened his social commitment. JP once said ‘Those who think that Survodaya is made up of goody-goody people, who no doubt talks about nonviolent revolution but do not mean it seriously, are in for a surprise. I cannot remain a silent spectator of misgovernment, corruption and the rest, whether in Patna, Delhi or elsewhere. I have decided to fight corruption. .to fight for a real people's democracy’.


1974 was the time of second revolution in India, this was his last stage of life he did politics without being politicians. Rising prices, unemployment, poverty and corruption led hopeless situation of that time. Absolute congress hegemony was on rise. Doctorial attitude of Indira Gandhi. Total revolution was the fuel for strengthening opposition which was important on that time.
 Total revolution means transformation of person in society in its real sense. It embraces personal and social ethics and values of life as much as economic, political and social institutions and processes.
He joined Gujarat student movement .JP started to give the sleepless night to the centralised
administrative system. JP movement is known one of the most memorable mass movements in
post-colonial India. public meeting at Patna on June 5, 1974, JP declared that the struggle was not going to be limited to securing the demands of the students, including the resignation of the ministry and the dissolution of the Assembly in Bihar, but would aim at bringing about a total revolution or sampoorna kranti which alone could solve the urgent problems of the country and usher in a new society." Jp always repeated that My interest is not in the capture of power but control of power by the people. Congress party and the CPI (Communist Party of India) opposed JP movement.
Total revolution was a radical, social, economic, political, educational, cultural and ethical change. JP developed Gandhi's "unconventional wisdom and technique" into a total revolution. JP follow
Gandhi and used cultural channels of communication during the JP Movement. while addressing meeting he addressed specially youth and told them to break off the sacred thread and take a vow for a dowry less marriage .jp adopted a daughter name janki.
Jp was naïve in his judgement he was a staunch advocate of individual freedom. freedom was
passion of his life which inspired many. He was a keeper of public conscience. When Janta
party came into power someone asked jp ‘what are you going to do now’ he replied with
laughing smile that I am going to criticise janta party government. To strengthen opposition
was his important work that he gave to Indian politics. JP teaches us how a party less
democracy becomes more powerful if public support is there Democracy works only if it is
nurtured and preserved. It is the matter of fact that both right wings fascist and left wing
communist misinterpret JP’s political thought but JP exist in political discourse beyond the
party or organization. He dedicated his whole life to strengthen democracy and cause of
freedom.
JP died on 8 October 1979. During his last days he became dissatisfied with Janta party
government and failure of expected significance of total revolution. Indira Gandhi once said, he was
revolutionary in every respect. That is true. J P has become more relevant today in context of
existing political set-up in India. His quest for struggle for democracy and total revolution is the most remarkable deeds what he did for India.

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                            Major Steps in social Research

                                          - Randhir Gautam

Sadly, 82 per cent of articles published in humanities are not even cited once. 50 per cent of
academic papers are only read by authors, peer, reviewers, and journal editors.
you have to put hard work and effort in order to make your research unique for that you
need to have proper knowledge of research procedures or art of doing research. It seems
me that people don’t practice thinking out of the box. Writing thesis and dissertation has
become merely art to play with words and sentences in such a way that it looks like new
research. Research has become creative plagiarism.

Fundamental notion of research is to search for knowledge. Max Weber said, "Every scientific
fulfilment raises new questions; it asks to be surpassed and outdated."
 Social research is a method (means) which brings ends in terms of new facts, new theory, new discovery. It puts a variety of information into an order and ends with a generalization.
scientific research is essentially made of two things, observation and reasoning.
Basically there are three purposes in social research
1. Generate new knowledge
 2.obtain research degree and
3.Reinterpret knowledge.
we should try to do research on at least things
that matter, some important questions of our societies. The rational and background for
research should be very well described and justified .

Social research deals with the social phenomena. It tries to establish causal human activities. It is
carried both for discovering new facts and verification of the old ones. Each study rests on earlier ones and provides a basis for future ones.


Following are the major steps of social research . A researcher must carefully check each step of the reasoning process underlining his scientific procedures in order to minimize error in research process .

             1. Broad area of interest identified -
A researcher should engage with his or her research with a clarity about the purpose. A researcher discovers answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. choice determines everything. It is said that the best problem for research is one which arises from the researcher’s own curiosity. Desire to understand wide spread social problem, desire to test old scientific procedure led good research.
The researcher who is prompted by scientific curiosity may be interested in exploring some general subject matter about which relatively little is known. For example, when Marx began his studies on class thinking, this was a relatively unexplored area.

Before selecting your research topic. you have to think of your interest of doing research,
significance of your studies, time, money and resources.
The reasons for asking research questions
are of two general kinds: academic / inteIIectual, based on the desire to know or understand for the
satisfaction of knowing; and utilitarian, based on the desire to know for the sake of being able to do
something better. Any individual’s decisions will be determined not only by the facts as discovered
by research but also by his values, which determine the import of the facts for him.



                         2. Defining the research problem and to develop hypothesis
The first step in the formulation of research is to make the problem concrete and explicit.
‘The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution’.
                           - A. EINSTEIN AND L. INFELD
The success of a scientist is largely determined by his or her ability to meet the objectives of his
scientific research project. Being a researcher you have to aware about that the reader of your
research is not left in doubt about the intentions of your research. After selecting topic for research,
a researcher has to develop hypothesis.

Cohen and Nagel (1934), who state:
We cannot take a single step forward in any inquiry unless we, begin with a suggested explanation or solution of the difficulty which originated it. Such tentative explanations are suggested to us by something in the subject matter and by our previous knowledge. When they are formulated as propositions, they are called hypotheses. Hypothesis is educated guess.
A single event (cause) always leads to another single event (“effect"). Hypothesis is a potential
relationship between the cause’ and the ‘effect’. A hypothesis is "a proposition, condition, or
principle which is assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to draw out its logical consequences and by this method to test its accord with facts which are known or may be determined"
Social theory building is a process of logical deduction. It leads towards predictability of
phenomena. That is to say if certain conditions are present, certain results will follow.
Formulation of hypothesis serves two purpose (1) the kind of data that must be collected in order to
answer the research question and (2) the way in which they can be organized most efficiently in the analysis.
Defining Concepts -
A researcher has to his effort to clarify concepts that he or she is using in research. concepts should be defined objectively and operationally.
After the identification of problem, you have to define your universe. Researcher should read the
previous work. He has to point out the extent to which satisfactory solutions exist, shortcomings in methodology, etc.
.
                                3 Reviewing the literature
Patrick Meneill quotes in his book ‘Research method “every researcher of whatever status, should spend time of reading what other people have written about the area in which other people have written about the area in which they are interested. As every action has a purpose behind it. Reviewing the literature gives the researcher that idea of how to go with his research”
This is one of the important phase of data collection in an exacting scrutiny of published researches.
The degree of originality should be reflected in your study, so that you can save yourself from the
repetition of previous research. Duplication of research is a waste of time. The second reason for examining the literature is to seek the best roadway of approach. For the greatest possibility of success of research. A researcher has to decide which strategy (approach) and techniques, tools,
apparatus are important in terms of the data to be sought. The literature, therefore, indicate the
relative fruitfulness of the approaches and therefore suggest alternative tactics to researcher. In all scientific research, knowledge of the literature is crucial thing in suggesting the solution to problem .
 Having review of literature, researcher determines his/her approach which is oftentimes
suggested by a relevant model found in the review of literature. Researcher use models to help us to
understand the arrangements of key components and how they function. whiling doing review of
research a researcher must be aware about the impracticality of pervious research. Asking the right question can come with it. Review of literature provides you data. Those are found in reference sources.
Without the ability or the interest to search for data already existing in the literature, a researcher is bound to fail in even the most modest research design.

                                            4 Determining a research design
– Describe the manner in which data will be analysed.
Usually there are two main sources of information 1. Field investigation 2. Library research
Design means drawing an outline. E A Suchman calls ‘it is a series of guide lines or steps to keep on the right path.
Since overcome of research depends heavily on what method is used, therefore study is conducted on the basis of research design. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy
in procedure.Therefore, a design is needed that will minimize bias and maximize the reliability of the, evidence collected. Objectivity, reliability, validity and generalizations are four important characteristics of research design.
 
         5 Defining the sample and collecting data
This stage involves carrying out the research process and record the information. The importance of various data-collection techniques is to produce trustworthy evidence that is relevant to your research design .you have to determines whether you are going to use the primary (field study, focus group , observation archival materials like newspapers ) or secondary data .


when you do qualitative study, among the many approached you have to justify why did u choose
this approach?. you have to justify the reason for your approach. some information about what you
will be looking for in the data and why?
 when you meet with your respondent for interview or in focus group discussion or participatory
observation provide details of them. How do you engage with your respondent for the time being+ is one of the important skill of the researcher? What things attract your respondent to be the part of study is one of the crucial thing.
To be a good listener is an art of research, sometimes when your respondents are telling distressful experience to you, you have to give some kind of comfortability in order to express them what they want to express. you have good in communication for that matter.
Techniques for collecting the information must be devised if, as is likely, no suitable ones already
exist. Each of the various methods-observation, interviewing, questionnaires, projective techniques, the examination of records, and so forth-has its advantages and limitations. you have to be clear
about the tools and techniques that you are using in theory building.


                               6 Analysis and interpreting the result
To analysis the data and relate it back to the research is one of the most important task of the
researcher. The process of analysis includes: coding the interview replies, observations, etc. Placing each item in the appropriate category, tabulating the data (counting the number of items in each category); and performing statistical computations are used in analysis of data.


                               7 Preparing the research report and generalization
In this stage a research has to tell what conclusions were drowning from the research process and what is their significance? How do research outcomes relate to the previous finding? the research report is usually published as a book, articles and journals.

A researcher should follow the scientific procedure for gathering meaningful and verified data.
without a proper scientific methodology, no branch of science can develop. We need in sociology,
first of all, a scientifically constructed, logically criticized set of intellectual tools that enable us to
peruse good research.

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Research findings  are just a reflection of one's thinking.
philosophy is just a system of thought.
   Epistemology    is just a relationship between thinker and his/her thinking.
Ontology is just a thinking of reality.
Paradigm is a just a way of thinking within certain pattern.
Knowledge is a just a collection of ideas of thinking being.
   Ideology is a just a thinking of practise.
Truth does not exist only thinking exist.
Absolute  authority does not exist in thinking.
 Science is just to think that reality is fixed.

"To real study  is to learn to think carefully and critically about complex issues, not only to learn an answer ".
  ~ Randhir Gautam

Distinction between love and sexual love . 


   

From time to time, our romantic relationships can be difficult to understand. Part of this confusion stems from the fact that our relationships are influenced by three powerful, yet separate, emotional systems.

Often these three emotional systems work together to create satisfying outcomes. But that's not always the case.

Sometimes these three emotional systems compete with each other—leading to mixed feelings and confusion.

Sexual Desire

The first emotional system is sexual desire. Sexual desire involves the lustful, sexually passionate feelings people have for each other. Sexual desire is a very intense and powerful emotion; it can cloud one’s judgment, and prompt risk-taking. Sexual desire is often based on physical appearance, novelty, and the chemistry between two people. And while sexual desire motivates a lot of our behaviors early on in a relationship, intense levels of sexual desire are difficult to maintain with the same person over the course of time .

Love

The second emotional system entails love. And love, in and of itself, is composed of a complex set of feelings. Love often entails feelings of closeness, genuine appreciation, and concern. But, the experience of love is not the same for everyone. For some people, love is delusional and needy, or based on emotional game playing, or experienced as the desire to take care of another person .

Attachment

The last emotional system involves attachment. Attachment is the feeling of security and comfort we get from being close to someone else. Attachment provides a sense of stability, certainty, and safety—the feeling that someone will always be there for you in a time of need. And, as with love, there are individual differences in the experience of attachment .

Again, these three emotional systems can work together to produce a healthy and satisfying relationship. Sexual desire can turn into feelings of love, resulting in a lasting attachment .

However, these basic emotional systems do not necessarily work in sync over time. Long term, it can be difficult to find one person who consistently satisfies all three needs. In many cases, these three emotional systems work against each other—creating competing desires and interests.

For instance, it's possible to be attached to one romantic partner, be in love with someone else, and have sexual desire for yet another person (see will he leave his wife).

Being aware of these competing emotions, and that not everyone experiences love and attachment in the same way, often helps us to make sense of the problems that arise in our romantic relationships.

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 "   Being intellectual  is a creative act of an individual " Why ? 











   

- Randhir Gautam
There is no theory which can explain the nature of "creative individual ".There is no method to understand the individual whose mind is open and critical . The real aim of a social thinker is to build theory not for the sake of his/her Ideological commitment. As Gardner spoke about "what is a "creative individual " ? "The creative individual has the capacity to free himself from the web of social pressures in which the rest of us are caught. He is capable of questioning the assumptions that the rest of us accept.

I do believe with the rise of non- paradigmic (critical theory ) is the method which can eradicate the deasese of determinism and addiction of theory building which has nothing to do with the reality. submission of any ideology brings "ism" in construction of theory which is basically anti-truth .

submission to any ideology is anti-critical act. creativity is the very fundamental act of man which saves us from the thought of unreal . Meaning making sense has had connotation of change . Without knowing the process of change we can't understand past and can't pridict future . once Arbert Einstein said " we can't solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them ". Darwin search of truth is also based on the idea of change .I must say To change is to be in life . search for change is the aim and approach of true researcher . idea of change brings innovation and necessity which is father and mother of progress .

Once Bernard Shaw said " Progress is impossible without change; and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything. Creeds, articles and institutes of religious faith ossify our brains and make change impossible. As such they are nuisance., and in practice to be mostly ignored. '

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